Modeling Wearables Endpoints
Endpoints for Wearables Analysis
As described in the statistical analysis plan (SAP), the day- and nighttime endpoints we will consider for the wearables analysis are:
- High physical activity
- Low physical activity (for day only)
- Relative physical activity
- Mean peak physical activity
- Heart rate (mean, 5th percentile, 95th percentile)
Other endpoints which we will analyze descriptively include step count and oxygen saturation.
Temporal patterns of biometrics
The first three days were considered represented a “baseline” or “week 0” for comparison though it should be noted that study drug administration was begun on day 0. Three days was chosen to maximize data from an initial time period while minimizing effects of intervention to mimic as closely as possible to a true pre-drug baseline which was not available for this substudy. Days 4-15 were considered as week 1, encompassing the remainder of the treatment period. After 15 days, we split the follow-up period into 7-day intervals during the follow-up period continuing through week 14.
| % of time in high activity | 22.2 (9.6) | 20.2 (17.2) | 0.74 | -1.7 (10.4) | 1.7 (9.9) | 0.27 | 0.2 (7.5) | 1 (13.3) | 0.63 | -1.5 (8.7) | 3.1 (11.6) | 0.16 | -2.2 (3.6) | 2 (8.4) | 0.12 |
| HR median | 61.5 (12.5) | 61.8 (11.7) | 0.46 | -1.4 (6.1) | 1.8 (4.2) | 0.25 | -0.3 (4.1) | 1 (6.6) | 0.31 | 0.8 (6.9) | 0.5 (6.9) | 0.64 | 0 (8.3) | 1.4 (7.5) | 0.27 |
| HR SD | 4.2 (2.2) | 3.8 (2.2) | 0.08 | -0.4 (2.5) | 0.1 (2.3) | 0.14 | 0.3 (3.7) | 0.1 (2.5) | 0.49 | 0.2 (3.1) | 0.5 (2.6) | 0.16 | 0.6 (3.2) | 0.3 (2.4) | 0.38 |
| HR 5th percentile | 56.6 (11.3) | 56 (10.3) | 0.40 | 0.4 (4.9) | 1.2 (3.7) | 0.34 | -0.5 (2.2) | 1.5 (4.6) | 0.44 | 0 (2.7) | -0.4 (5.8) | 0.86 | -0.4 (4.7) | 1.1 (5.3) | 0.24 |
| HR 95th percentile | 76.4 (13.6) | 69.8 (17.4) | 0.32 | -4.5 (12) | 2.7 (8.4) | 0.10 | -2.9 (9.7) | 1.8 (14.9) | 0.19 | -1.7 (10.1) | 1.4 (11.9) | 0.22 | -3 (12) | 1.8 (14) | 0.13 |
| HRV median | 44 (27) | 35 (23.5) | 0.73 | 4.3 (18.4) | 1 (11.5) | 0.72 | 5.6 (19.3) | -0.2 (15.1) | 0.36 | 5.5 (20.6) | 1.5 (18.8) | 0.37 | 4.7 (24.8) | 1.9 (15.5) | 0.21 |
| RHR median | 70.5 (8.8) | 61.8 (10.2) | 0.07 | -3.1 (7.4) | 1.8 (5.8) | 0.37 | -4.3 (6.4) | 1.7 (8.8) | 0.08 | -3.2 (4.1) | 0.7 (4.8) | 0.42 | -2.9 (5.9) | 1.5 (6.3) | 0.45 |
| WHR median | 89 (12.8) | 76.8 (13) | 0.27 | -7.1 (35.6) | 13.9 (21.8) | 0.46 | -8.2 (10.3) | 7.4 (15.6) | 0.30 | -15.8 (32.8) | -0.3 (28.6) | 0.75 | -15.2 (37.6) | -4.8 (20.2) | 1.00 |
| O2 median | 96.2 (0.8) | 96.1 (2) | 0.79 | 0 (0.8) | 0 (2.1) | 0.86 | 0.1 (1.1) | 0 (1.7) | 0.64 | 0 (1.2) | -0.2 (1.3) | 0.80 | 0.2 (1.2) | -0.3 (2.2) | 0.69 |
| O2 5th percentile | 94.3 (1.8) | 94 (3.5) | 0.63 | 0.1 (1.2) | 0 (2.7) | 0.81 | 0.5 (0.7) | -0.1 (3.1) | 0.91 | 0.1 (0.9) | -0.3 (2.6) | 0.82 | 0.3 (1) | -0.3 (2.6) | 0.47 |
| SC median | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.02 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.85 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.45 | 0 (0) | 0 (46.1) | 0.22 | 0 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.68 |
| Peak activity | 318 (644.8) | 357 (552.5) | 0.93 | -24.2 (324.2) | 82.1 (285.7) | 0.06 | -16.8 (514) | 49.4 (328) | 1.00 | 30.5 (436.7) | 101.3 (314.7) | 0.39 | -32.1 (505.2) | 19.7 (324.9) | 0.41 |
| % of time in high activity | 23.6 (14.7) | 23.9 (11.8) | 0.77 | 1.2 (4.6) | -1.3 (13.2) | 1.00 | -0.2 (8.2) | 1.1 (8.5) | 0.93 | 0.2 (7.7) | 2.1 (9.1) | 0.81 | 2 (6.4) | 2.6 (11.8) | 0.94 |
| % of time in low activity | 28.1 (7) | 25.3 (16.2) | 0.76 | -1.2 (3.9) | 0.4 (11.8) | 0.56 | -3.1 (7.7) | -1.1 (11.6) | 0.57 | -3.4 (5.8) | -0.2 (9.2) | 0.28 | -3.6 (6.7) | -2.1 (13.7) | 0.71 |
| Relative activity | -8.1 (46.6) | -1 (55.7) | 0.77 | 5.9 (13.9) | -6.1 (42) | 0.30 | 12.3 (26.9) | 4.3 (34.8) | 0.58 | 9.9 (20.2) | 1.1 (35.2) | 0.49 | 15.2 (39.2) | 5.7 (41.6) | 0.61 |
| HR median | 75 (11.2) | 72.9 (17.2) | 0.25 | -1.1 (4.6) | 1.7 (7) | 0.05 | -0.6 (8.6) | 1.4 (7.1) | 0.15 | -0.8 (4.8) | 0.1 (6.7) | 0.77 | -0.6 (5.6) | 0.8 (8.6) | 0.69 |
| HR SD | 14.2 (5.8) | 10.7 (4) | 0.02 | -1.1 (4) | 0.5 (2.5) | 0.16 | -1 (2.3) | 0.8 (2.9) | 0.03 | -0.2 (2.2) | 0.6 (3.2) | 0.38 | 0.2 (3.6) | 0.8 (3) | 0.78 |
| HR 5th percentile | 62 (12.2) | 59.1 (12.7) | 0.43 | -2 (2.4) | 1.1 (4.4) | 0.01 | -2.3 (2.4) | 1 (5.3) | 0.03 | -1.6 (5.4) | -0.2 (3.9) | 0.28 | -3 (3.1) | 0.8 (5.7) | 0.05 |
| HR 95th percentile | 101.6 (19.2) | 91 (15) | 0.01 | -4.4 (2) | 4 (9.9) | 0.00 | -5.2 (6.2) | 3.6 (10.9) | 0.01 | -3.1 (4.9) | 2.8 (11.3) | 0.10 | -0.6 (12) | 2.7 (11.8) | 0.24 |
| HRV median | 28.2 (24.9) | 33 (19.5) | 0.98 | 1.7 (4.5) | -0.5 (9.4) | 0.23 | 5 (6.7) | -0.5 (8.8) | 0.17 | 5.3 (6.4) | 0.8 (8.7) | 0.15 | 4 (4.7) | -0.4 (11.9) | 0.14 |
| RHR median | 62.8 (11.6) | 59 (13.1) | 0.18 | -2.2 (4.6) | 2.3 (6.3) | 0.04 | -1.4 (2.5) | 1.7 (5.9) | 0.02 | -2.1 (3.8) | 1.5 (5.6) | 0.05 | -1.8 (3.8) | 2.3 (6.9) | 0.01 |
| WHR median | 100.5 (22.4) | 94.1 (22.8) | 0.52 | -2.8 (11.7) | 0.1 (9.9) | 0.48 | -1.8 (13.7) | -0.5 (14.3) | 0.47 | -2.8 (11.5) | -1.6 (13.5) | 0.75 | 0.1 (10.5) | -3.7 (12) | 0.63 |
| O2 median | 96.3 (2) | 97 (2.6) | 0.61 | 0.1 (1.1) | 0.1 (1.4) | 0.92 | 0.1 (1.7) | -0.4 (1.3) | 0.20 | -0.1 (1.5) | -0.3 (1.9) | 0.37 | 0.5 (1.2) | -0.4 (1.3) | 0.03 |
| O2 5th percentile | 94.3 (2.3) | 93.5 (2.3) | 0.35 | -0.4 (2.6) | 0.3 (2) | 0.41 | 0 (2.1) | 0.2 (2.1) | 0.68 | -0.1 (1.8) | 0.2 (2.3) | 0.65 | 0.2 (2) | 0.3 (2.6) | 0.85 |
| SC median | 1248 (2616) | 480 (1680) | 0.40 | 128 (1692) | 14 (1123.6) | 0.56 | 273.9 (1073.7) | 583.2 (888.4) | 0.09 | 85.7 (1005.3) | 160 (1235.2) | 0.48 | -136.3 (1656.5) | 260.2 (1433.6) | 0.32 |
| Peak activity | 1625 (104.5) | 1669.5 (117) | 0.26 | -17.9 (108.6) | -6.4 (91.2) | 0.94 | 38.9 (90.8) | 16.4 (99.4) | 0.55 | 6.3 (98.1) | -2.7 (126.4) | 0.52 | 31 (113.4) | -5.5 (176.6) | 0.32 |
| % of time in high activity | 19.4 (11) | 19 (18.3) | 0.60 | -0.2 (5.6) | 0.4 (9.7) | 0.85 | 1.5 (15) | -0.1 (13.7) | 0.24 | 1.1 (8.5) | 3.1 (9.3) | 0.99 | 0.3 (7.4) | 0.6 (9) | 0.96 |
| HR median | 61.5 (12.6) | 62 (11.4) | 0.79 | -2.7 (5.9) | 1.9 (4.3) | 0.06 | -0.8 (2.4) | 0.5 (6.5) | 0.21 | -1.7 (9.6) | 0.5 (5.1) | 0.19 | -2.7 (11.1) | 1.6 (7.7) | 0.08 |
| HR SD | 5.3 (2.1) | 3.7 (1.9) | 0.05 | -2.2 (2.7) | 0.2 (2.1) | 0.05 | -0.9 (3.4) | 0.3 (2.4) | 0.21 | -1.9 (2.9) | 0.2 (2.1) | 0.03 | -1.4 (3.3) | 0.2 (2.5) | 0.06 |
| HR 5th percentile | 56.6 (11.3) | 56 (10.1) | 0.68 | -1.3 (4.5) | 1.2 (3.8) | 0.19 | -0.5 (1.1) | 1.2 (5.8) | 0.49 | -0.8 (4.4) | -0.4 (4.2) | 0.35 | -1.4 (7.2) | 1.1 (6.6) | 0.12 |
| HR 95th percentile | 76.4 (12.6) | 69.8 (17.5) | 0.50 | -5.3 (7.5) | 2.7 (8.1) | 0.02 | -5.1 (7.1) | 1.7 (11.6) | 0.09 | -6.2 (9) | 1.5 (11.1) | 0.03 | -7.5 (10.4) | 2.8 (13.2) | 0.03 |
| HRV median | 44 (23.2) | 42.8 (27.9) | 1.00 | 0.7 (20.1) | 1.6 (18.5) | 0.61 | 2 (17.8) | 2 (20.7) | 0.82 | 3.7 (23.8) | 3.4 (21) | 0.51 | 4.7 (24.3) | 1.6 (16.7) | 0.31 |
| RHR median | 69.5 (14.5) | 62.5 (11) | 0.18 | -0.5 (7.1) | 1.8 (4.6) | 0.64 | -0.7 (6) | 1.2 (7.2) | 0.45 | -4.7 (3.9) | 0.1 (4) | 0.26 | -0.9 (5.6) | 1.7 (5) | 0.52 |
| WHR median | 90 (17.5) | 79.9 (16.9) | 0.77 | -14.1 (16.1) | -6.5 (10.8) | 0.66 | -9.5 (6.9) | -3.7 (3.6) | 0.77 | -21 (0) | 1.4 (16.5) | 0.33 | -15.2 (0) | 1.5 (12.3) | 0.38 |
| O2 median | 96.2 (0.7) | 96.2 (2.2) | 1.00 | 0 (0.6) | 0.4 (2.7) | 0.56 | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.2 (2.6) | 0.99 | 0.1 (1) | 0 (2.1) | 0.99 | 0.2 (1) | 0 (2.6) | 0.93 |
| O2 5th percentile | 94.3 (1.7) | 94 (3.6) | 0.48 | 0.1 (1.2) | 0.1 (3.9) | 0.55 | 0.5 (1.4) | 1 (3.1) | 0.48 | 0.1 (0.9) | 0.2 (3.2) | 0.41 | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.5 (3.2) | 0.56 |
| SC median | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.02 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.86 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.59 | 0 (0) | 0 (47) | 0.23 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.26 |
| Peak activity | 424.5 (662.4) | 324.5 (541.8) | 0.72 | -37.2 (371) | 78.3 (189.8) | 0.08 | -21.1 (764.4) | 39.3 (290.2) | 0.80 | 8.5 (494.1) | 47.8 (247.5) | 0.50 | -58 (553) | 13.5 (322) | 0.40 |
| % of time in high activity | 23.5 (12.6) | 24.8 (11.7) | 0.64 | 1.2 (4.6) | -2 (12.8) | 0.60 | 0.2 (7.3) | 1.1 (8) | 0.90 | 0.3 (6.9) | -0.8 (7.7) | 0.38 | 2.1 (5) | 2.9 (12.1) | 0.75 |
| % of time in low activity | 28.2 (4.2) | 25.3 (11.9) | 0.33 | 0 (4.1) | 0.4 (8.8) | 0.64 | -3.4 (6.8) | -0.4 (8.6) | 0.44 | -3.6 (2) | -0.2 (7.6) | 0.10 | -3.6 (3.7) | -1.1 (10.5) | 0.27 |
| Relative activity | -8.1 (31.8) | 3.7 (46.5) | 0.44 | 6.3 (13.1) | -7.7 (35.2) | 0.21 | 13 (22) | 2.4 (32) | 0.46 | 11.2 (16.1) | 0.2 (31.8) | 0.16 | 16 (19.5) | 4.7 (37.9) | 0.19 |
| HR median | 73.5 (11.3) | 72.8 (13.8) | 0.43 | -0.6 (3.8) | 1.7 (7) | 0.07 | -0.6 (7.1) | 1.3 (6.3) | 0.19 | -0.8 (3.7) | 0.1 (6.3) | 0.96 | 0 (6.7) | -0.8 (7.4) | 0.93 |
| HR SD | 15.5 (4.2) | 10.7 (4) | 0.01 | -1.6 (3.6) | 0.6 (2.3) | 0.09 | -1.2 (2) | 0.6 (3) | 0.02 | -0.5 (2.9) | 0.7 (3.2) | 0.39 | -0.2 (3.1) | 0.8 (3.5) | 0.33 |
| HR 5th percentile | 59 (13) | 59 (12.3) | 0.68 | -1.7 (3) | 1.1 (4.5) | 0.02 | -2.3 (1.8) | -0.3 (5.8) | 0.11 | -1.6 (6.1) | 0 (5.1) | 0.37 | -3 (3.2) | 0.2 (5.8) | 0.13 |
| HR 95th percentile | 108.1 (21.5) | 90.2 (15.5) | 0.01 | -4.4 (1.4) | 4.4 (8.8) | 0.00 | -6.7 (7.5) | 3.8 (9.5) | 0.00 | -3.2 (5.6) | 2.9 (10.6) | 0.08 | -4.8 (12.3) | 3.2 (7.5) | 0.10 |
| HRV median | 25.4 (31) | 38.6 (14.8) | 0.57 | 1.7 (3.7) | -2.9 (10.4) | 0.12 | 5 (6) | -1.3 (9.8) | 0.13 | 5.3 (6.9) | -0.7 (11.3) | 0.21 | 4.7 (5) | -3.1 (12.3) | 0.24 |
| RHR median | 61.5 (14) | 58.1 (13.4) | 0.39 | -2.1 (5.1) | 2.1 (5.6) | 0.16 | -1.3 (3.2) | 0.6 (7.9) | 0.16 | -2.1 (5.3) | 1.5 (6.9) | 0.09 | -1.8 (4.3) | 2.1 (5.8) | 0.02 |
| WHR median | 100.6 (26.6) | 100.6 (22.5) | 0.58 | -0.1 (15.9) | 0 (9.9) | 0.61 | -3.1 (16.2) | -2.2 (12.2) | 0.45 | -6.4 (13.3) | -2 (11) | 0.43 | -0.2 (14.5) | -3.6 (10.3) | 0.85 |
| O2 median | 97 (1.8) | 97.2 (2.2) | 0.79 | -0.1 (0.9) | 0.3 (1.5) | 0.39 | -0.2 (1.4) | -0.1 (1.5) | 0.81 | -0.1 (1.3) | -0.3 (1.9) | 0.55 | 0.1 (1.2) | -0.4 (1.5) | 0.14 |
| O2 5th percentile | 94.8 (1.9) | 93.8 (2.2) | 0.17 | -0.5 (2.2) | 0.8 (2.6) | 0.10 | -0.3 (1.7) | 0.6 (1.8) | 0.09 | -0.3 (2) | 0.4 (2.3) | 0.13 | 0.1 (2.2) | 0.3 (2.4) | 0.47 |
| SC median | 924 (2494) | 624 (1668) | 0.84 | 276 (1457.6) | 92 (1304) | 0.68 | 288.7 (992) | 583.2 (1037.3) | 0.21 | 178.5 (939.9) | 189 (1159.3) | 0.82 | 556.8 (1220.5) | 243.6 (1688) | 0.82 |
| Peak activity | 1629 (88.2) | 1669.5 (134.2) | 0.36 | 15.6 (112.6) | 2.3 (88.3) | 0.55 | 27.4 (81.2) | 3.6 (113.5) | 0.64 | -0.4 (87.9) | -1.9 (114.1) | 0.53 | 24.6 (111.4) | -0.2 (153.9) | 0.27 |
Mixed models for repeated measures (MMRM)
Latent Class Trajectory Modeling (LCMM)
In order to perform model selection for each endpoint, we will identify the models with the lowest BIC values and visualize the resulting clusters to assess cluster consistency. The model adequacy metric interpretations as given by the LCTMtoolkit package are as follows:
- Model-specific:
- Entropy: close to zero
- Relative entropy: close to 1
- Class-specific:
- APPA: greater than 0.7
- OCC: greater than 5
- Mismatch: close to 0
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 30198.77 | 30217.89 | 5.5115538 | 0.8409702 | 24 (48%) | 26 (52%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 30178.49 | 30205.26 | 5.2477097 | 0.9044666 | 9 (18%) | 18 (36%) | 23 (46%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 30148.38 | 30182.79 | 1.9399013 | 0.9720131 | 9 (18%) | 16 (32%) | 21 (42%) | 4 (8%) | NA |
| 2 | 30141.36 | 30183.42 | 6.7774679 | 0.9157784 | 8 (16%) | 12 (24%) | 12 (24%) | 4 (8%) | 14 (28%) |
| 4 | 30209.69 | 30236.46 | 12.9254803 | 0.6270495 | 37 (74%) | 13 (26%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 30211.92 | 30250.16 | 13.7808365 | 0.7491228 | 23 (46%) | 7 (14%) | 20 (40%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 30166.56 | 30216.27 | 4.9628847 | 0.9284007 | 16 (32%) | 9 (18%) | 11 (22%) | 14 (28%) | NA |
| 4 | 30156.34 | 30217.52 | 5.7316433 | 0.9287746 | 11 (22%) | 5 (10%) | 11 (22%) | 9 (18%) | 14 (28%) |
| 6 | 30203.21 | 30237.63 | 12.8741048 | 0.6285319 | 32 (64%) | 18 (36%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 30197.81 | 30247.52 | 13.5607642 | 0.7531292 | 6 (12%) | 30 (60%) | 14 (28%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 30172.19 | 30237.20 | 4.5270620 | 0.9346883 | 9 (18%) | 16 (32%) | 11 (22%) | 14 (28%) | NA |
| 6 | 30154.86 | 30235.16 | 3.2213969 | 0.9599687 | 5 (10%) | 13 (26%) | 7 (14%) | 21 (42%) | 4 (8%) |
| 8 | 30179.66 | 30221.73 | 0.4585197 | 0.9867699 | 46 (92%) | 4 (8%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 30180.75 | 30241.94 | 9.7444373 | 0.8226046 | 7 (14%) | 33 (66%) | 10 (20%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 30165.60 | 30245.91 | 10.3990663 | 0.8499732 | 18 (36%) | 17 (34%) | 13 (26%) | 2 (4%) | NA |
| 8 | 30167.79 | 30267.22 | 3.4766945 | 0.9567962 | 5 (10%) | 13 (26%) | 7 (14%) | 11 (22%) | 14 (28%) |
Mean predicted trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 9 | 18 | 23 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 41.3 (10.3) | 41 (14.7) | 44.6 (13.2) | 0.19 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 16.3 (11.6) | 15.7 (10.1) | 17 (9.1) | 0.09 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 24.8 (4.1) | 31.6 (8) | 26.6 (4.8) | 0.74 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 3 (33.3) | 11 (61.1) | 7 (30.4) | 0.43 |
| race (%) | 0.8 | |||
| Asian | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (13) | |
| Black or African American | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | |
| White | 6 (66.7) | 17 (94.4) | 17 (73.9) | |
| More than one race | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | |
| Other | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (5.6) | 4 (17.4) | 0.25 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.58 | |||
| Underweight | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (4.3) | |
| Normal | 5 (55.6) | 4 (22.2) | 9 (39.1) | |
| Overweight | 2 (22.2) | 4 (22.2) | 6 (26.1) | |
| Obese | 2 (22.2) | 9 (50) | 7 (30.4) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 9 (100) | 17 (94.4) | 21 (91.3) | 0.3 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 9 (100) | 10 (55.6) | 7 (30.4) | 1.31 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 7 (77.8) | 14 (77.8) | 20 (87) | 0.16 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 7 (77.8) | 7 (38.9) | 14 (60.9) | 0.56 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 8 (88.9) | 8 (44.4) | 12 (52.2) | 0.7 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 3 (33.3) | 7 (38.9) | 11 (47.8) | 0.2 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 7 (77.8) | 13 (72.2) | 17 (73.9) | 0.09 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 13.1 (3.2) | 22.2 (2.7) | 32.1 (3.6) | 3.89 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 32.1 (7) | 25.6 (7.2) | 19.6 (4.1) | 1.38 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | -0.4 (0.1) | 0 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 3.13 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 1477.8 (123.1) | 1623.3 (50) | 1697 (38.6) | 1.87 |
| heartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 72 (6) | 71.9 (7.4) | 76 (10.6) | 0.31 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 60.4 (6) | 58 (6.3) | 61.8 (8.8) | 0.36 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 93.8 (7.1) | 98.2 (10.7) | 102.1 (13.4) | 0.53 |
| heartRate_std_dt (mean (SD)) | 10.8 (1.9) | 13.1 (3.5) | 13 (3.9) | 0.52 |
| heartRateVariability_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 34 (11.1) | 41.6 (19.4) | 36.8 (18.1) | 0.31 |
| restingHeartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 60.6 (5.7) | 59.5 (5.7) | 62.9 (9.4) | 0.31 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 95.3 (12.5) | 96.6 (11.6) | 96.6 (12.8) | 0.07 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 96.7 (1.1) | 96.4 (1.3) | 96.2 (1) | 0.33 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_dt (mean (SD)) | 93.3 (1.6) | 93.2 (1.9) | 93.9 (1.2) | 0.31 |
| stepCount_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 218.9 (214.8) | 1028.2 (672.4) | 2583.2 (1170.8) | 2.02 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 32532.33 | 32551.45 | 2.669122 | 0.9229854 | 35 (70%) | 15 (30%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 32498.30 | 32525.07 | 2.148778 | 0.9608820 | 35 (70%) | 12 (24%) | 3 (6%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 32499.34 | 32533.75 | 11.264780 | 0.8374836 | 28 (56%) | 7 (14%) | 12 (24%) | 3 (6%) | NA |
| 2 | 32480.35 | 32522.42 | 11.201844 | 0.8607981 | 25 (50%) | 10 (20%) | 10 (20%) | 2 (4%) | 3 (6%) |
| 4 | 32539.93 | 32566.70 | 2.615965 | 0.9245192 | 35 (70%) | 15 (30%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 32509.50 | 32547.74 | 2.169292 | 0.9605085 | 35 (70%) | 12 (24%) | 3 (6%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 32514.64 | 32564.35 | 12.417228 | 0.8208573 | 25 (50%) | 10 (20%) | 12 (24%) | 3 (6%) | NA |
| 4 | 32526.64 | 32587.83 | 12.506111 | 0.8445903 | 0 (0%) | 25 (50%) | 10 (20%) | 12 (24%) | 3 (6%) |
| 6 | 32543.83 | 32578.25 | 2.793250 | 0.9194038 | 35 (70%) | 15 (30%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 32509.64 | 32559.36 | 2.562960 | 0.9533419 | 35 (70%) | 12 (24%) | 3 (6%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 32509.14 | 32574.15 | 5.757115 | 0.9169424 | 31 (62%) | 5 (10%) | 11 (22%) | 3 (6%) | NA |
| 6 | 32480.83 | 32561.13 | 8.632538 | 0.8927261 | 23 (46%) | 12 (24%) | 9 (18%) | 3 (6%) | 3 (6%) |
| 8 | 32538.50 | 32580.56 | 2.767159 | 0.9201567 | 36 (72%) | 14 (28%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 32517.72 | 32578.91 | 3.854612 | 0.9298276 | 34 (68%) | 10 (20%) | 6 (12%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 32468.89 | 32549.19 | 1.931352 | 0.9721365 | 33 (66%) | 2 (4%) | 12 (24%) | 3 (6%) | NA |
| 8 | 32419.53 | 32518.96 | 1.108177 | 0.9862290 | 33 (66%) | 2 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 11 (22%) | 3 (6%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 35 | 12 | 3 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 43.3 (11.9) | 41.4 (17.2) | 41 (12.8) | 0.11 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 13.5 (8) | 22.9 (9.7) | 23.9 (15) | 0.67 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 28.1 (7) | 28.8 (5) | 24.5 (8.2) | 0.4 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 14 (40) | 6 (50) | 1 (33.3) | 0.23 |
| race (%) | 0.92 | |||
| Asian | 3 (8.6) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Black or African American | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (33.3) | |
| White | 27 (77.1) | 11 (91.7) | 2 (66.7) | |
| More than one race | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 5 (14.3) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 0.4 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.96 | |||
| Underweight | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Normal | 13 (37.1) | 4 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Overweight | 8 (22.9) | 4 (33.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Obese | 13 (37.1) | 4 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 33 (94.3) | 11 (91.7) | 3 (100) | 0.29 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 19 (54.3) | 6 (50) | 1 (33.3) | 0.29 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 30 (85.7) | 9 (75) | 2 (66.7) | 0.3 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 19 (54.3) | 7 (58.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.17 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 19 (54.3) | 7 (58.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.17 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 11 (31.4) | 8 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 0.5 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 25 (71.4) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.26 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 19 (4.7) | 35.2 (4) | 54.5 (5.2) | 5.02 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 81 (4.7) | 64.8 (4) | 45.5 (5.2) | 5.02 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | -0.6 (0.1) | -0.3 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 5.02 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 401.3 (223.8) | 752.2 (225.7) | 1212.8 (167.8) | 2.66 |
| heartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 63.5 (9) | 66.3 (11.5) | 67.2 (2) | 0.32 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 58.2 (8.2) | 59.7 (9.2) | 59.9 (1.2) | 0.17 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 71.2 (10.2) | 77.4 (14.4) | 81.2 (3.9) | 0.72 |
| heartRate_std_n (mean (SD)) | 4.5 (1.4) | 6.1 (2.2) | 7.2 (1) | 1.22 |
| heartRateVariability_median_n (mean (SD)) | 44.1 (22.4) | 40.1 (11.5) | 40.6 (12.1) | 0.15 |
| restingHeartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 63.9 (9.8) | 61.4 (10) | 61.2 (1.9) | 0.22 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_n (mean (SD)) | 88.9 (11.9) | 95.7 (19.6) | 93.9 (13.1) | 0.31 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_n (mean (SD)) | 95.8 (1) | 96.5 (0.8) | 95.3 (0.4) | 1.07 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_n (mean (SD)) | 93.4 (1.4) | 94.3 (0.7) | 93.2 (0) | 1.13 |
| stepCount_median_n (mean (SD)) | 0 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.5) | 1.23 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 30138.51 | 30157.63 | 5.4323182 | 0.8432564 | 43 (86%) | 7 (14%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 30129.51 | 30156.27 | 9.8266226 | 0.8211085 | 19 (38%) | 26 (52%) | 5 (10%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 30107.70 | 30142.11 | 6.2118122 | 0.9103825 | 14 (28%) | 21 (42%) | 11 (22%) | 4 (8%) | NA |
| 2 | 30107.96 | 30150.02 | 8.9079304 | 0.8893038 | 11 (22%) | 5 (10%) | 11 (22%) | 19 (38%) | 4 (8%) |
| 4 | 30143.08 | 30169.85 | 6.2294969 | 0.8202547 | 41 (82%) | 9 (18%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 30137.19 | 30175.43 | 8.0790195 | 0.8529232 | 17 (34%) | 28 (56%) | 5 (10%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 30115.91 | 30165.62 | 5.6617345 | 0.9183184 | 22 (44%) | 13 (26%) | 11 (22%) | 4 (8%) | NA |
| 4 | 30119.97 | 30181.16 | 7.7111249 | 0.9041762 | 10 (20%) | 5 (10%) | 20 (40%) | 11 (22%) | 4 (8%) |
| 6 | 30143.88 | 30178.30 | 6.0369004 | 0.8258119 | 36 (72%) | 14 (28%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 30113.46 | 30163.18 | 6.3102490 | 0.8851233 | 36 (72%) | 1 (2%) | 13 (26%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 30113.69 | 30178.70 | 6.3230411 | 0.9087778 | 1 (2%) | 36 (72%) | 1 (2%) | 12 (24%) | NA |
| 6 | 30127.01 | 30207.31 | 8.0643277 | 0.8997870 | 11 (22%) | 6 (12%) | 19 (38%) | 9 (18%) | 5 (10%) |
| 8 | 30125.41 | 30167.47 | 0.0060325 | 0.9998259 | 48 (96%) | 2 (4%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 30123.94 | 30185.13 | 6.2345331 | 0.8865017 | 36 (72%) | 1 (2%) | 13 (26%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 30122.16 | 30202.47 | 4.2911733 | 0.9380915 | 33 (66%) | 4 (8%) | 8 (16%) | 5 (10%) | NA |
| 8 | 30116.40 | 30215.82 | 4.3224984 | 0.9462856 | 21 (42%) | 13 (26%) | 2 (4%) | 9 (18%) | 5 (10%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 19 | 26 | 5 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 39 (10.7) | 45.9 (14.8) | 40.6 (9.8) | 0.37 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 16.6 (9.2) | 15.7 (10.1) | 19.6 (11) | 0.26 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 28 (6.3) | 28.5 (7.1) | 26.2 (5.5) | 0.25 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 8 (42.1) | 11 (42.3) | 2 (40) | 0.03 |
| race (%) | 0.64 | |||
| Asian | 2 (10.5) | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Black or African American | 1 (5.3) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | |
| White | 15 (78.9) | 20 (76.9) | 5 (100) | |
| More than one race | 0 (0) | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 1 (5.3) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 3 (15.8) | 3 (11.5) | 0 (0) | 0.42 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.61 | |||
| Underweight | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | |
| Normal | 6 (31.6) | 11 (42.3) | 1 (20) | |
| Overweight | 6 (31.6) | 5 (19.2) | 1 (20) | |
| Obese | 6 (31.6) | 10 (38.5) | 2 (40) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 17 (89.5) | 25 (96.2) | 5 (100) | 0.34 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 7 (36.8) | 16 (61.5) | 3 (60) | 0.34 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 15 (78.9) | 22 (84.6) | 4 (80) | 0.1 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 9 (47.4) | 16 (61.5) | 3 (60) | 0.19 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 14 (73.7) | 11 (42.3) | 3 (60) | 0.44 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 7 (36.8) | 12 (46.2) | 2 (40) | 0.13 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 14 (73.7) | 19 (73.1) | 4 (80) | 0.11 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 29.6 (6.2) | 23.3 (7.6) | 18 (7.8) | 1.08 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 17.1 (3.1) | 26.1 (3.5) | 39.3 (3.9) | 4.16 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | 0.2 (0.1) | -0.1 (0.2) | -0.4 (0.2) | 2.31 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 1675.1 (60) | 1607 (118) | 1588.6 (94.2) | 0.66 |
| heartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 78.6 (10) | 70.7 (6.9) | 71 (5.2) | 0.64 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 62.7 (8.7) | 58.9 (6.9) | 56.6 (2.6) | 0.63 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 106.2 (11.8) | 93.7 (8.7) | 99.7 (11.8) | 0.78 |
| heartRate_std_dt (mean (SD)) | 13.9 (3.9) | 11.3 (2.8) | 14.1 (3.5) | 0.57 |
| heartRateVariability_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 40.2 (19) | 36.4 (17.9) | 38.3 (9.2) | 0.16 |
| restingHeartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 64.9 (8.8) | 59.4 (6.2) | 56.4 (2.7) | 0.88 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 101.6 (12) | 91.9 (10.9) | 98.7 (11.9) | 0.56 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 96.5 (1.1) | 96.1 (1.2) | 96.9 (0.5) | 0.6 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_dt (mean (SD)) | 94.1 (1.4) | 93 (1.5) | 93.6 (2) | 0.49 |
| stepCount_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 2037.3 (1317.7) | 1494.2 (1275.4) | 466.5 (553.1) | 1.01 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 1502.556 | 1521.676 | 4.8981310 | 0.8586698 | 23 (46%) | 27 (54%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 1474.448 | 1501.217 | 1.1581710 | 0.9789157 | 5 (10%) | 19 (38%) | 26 (52%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 1453.461 | 1487.877 | 4.3522558 | 0.9372102 | 5 (10%) | 17 (34%) | 11 (22%) | 17 (34%) | NA |
| 2 | 1447.409 | 1489.474 | 5.9058228 | 0.9266101 | 5 (10%) | 12 (24%) | 11 (22%) | 7 (14%) | 15 (30%) |
| 4 | 1506.071 | 1532.839 | 4.6261762 | 0.8665168 | 23 (46%) | 27 (54%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 1480.135 | 1518.375 | 0.8383435 | 0.9847381 | 5 (10%) | 19 (38%) | 26 (52%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 1462.444 | 1512.157 | 4.3003787 | 0.9379587 | 5 (10%) | 17 (34%) | 17 (34%) | 11 (22%) | NA |
| 4 | 1456.341 | 1517.526 | 4.7395711 | 0.9411028 | 5 (10%) | 12 (24%) | 7 (14%) | 15 (30%) | 11 (22%) |
| 6 | 1499.957 | 1534.373 | 3.4432046 | 0.9006501 | 8 (16%) | 42 (84%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 1490.130 | 1539.842 | 5.7764880 | 0.8948403 | 9 (18%) | 15 (30%) | 26 (52%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 1504.622 | 1569.631 | 17.1138088 | 0.7530999 | 9 (18%) | 17 (34%) | 15 (30%) | 9 (18%) | NA |
| 6 | 1498.973 | 1579.278 | 15.1702000 | 0.8114845 | 9 (18%) | 14 (28%) | 1 (2%) | 16 (32%) | 10 (20%) |
| 8 | 1492.348 | 1534.413 | 7.9696514 | 0.7700445 | 13 (26%) | 37 (74%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 1483.852 | 1545.037 | 8.0743368 | 0.8530084 | 8 (16%) | 12 (24%) | 30 (60%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 1478.467 | 1558.771 | 6.8688965 | 0.9009028 | 9 (18%) | 14 (28%) | 20 (40%) | 7 (14%) | NA |
| 8 | 1479.776 | 1579.201 | 7.9328808 | 0.9014205 | 8 (16%) | 11 (22%) | 5 (10%) | 20 (40%) | 6 (12%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 5 | 19 | 26 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 37.8 (11.7) | 42.2 (14.4) | 44.1 (12.7) | 0.33 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 17.2 (12.6) | 15.3 (9.7) | 17.1 (9.5) | 0.12 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 24.9 (4.4) | 29.4 (7.7) | 27.7 (5.9) | 0.5 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 2 (40) | 10 (52.6) | 9 (34.6) | 0.24 |
| race (%) | 0.58 | |||
| Asian | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 3 (11.5) | |
| Black or African American | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (3.8) | |
| White | 5 (100) | 15 (78.9) | 20 (76.9) | |
| More than one race | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (3.8) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (3.8) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (10.5) | 4 (15.4) | 0.41 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.49 | |||
| Underweight | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (3.8) | |
| Normal | 3 (60) | 6 (31.6) | 9 (34.6) | |
| Overweight | 1 (20) | 4 (21.1) | 7 (26.9) | |
| Obese | 1 (20) | 8 (42.1) | 9 (34.6) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 5 (100) | 18 (94.7) | 24 (92.3) | 0.28 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 5 (100) | 11 (57.9) | 10 (38.5) | 1.13 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 4 (80) | 15 (78.9) | 22 (84.6) | 0.1 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 4 (80) | 9 (47.4) | 15 (57.7) | 0.48 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 5 (100) | 8 (42.1) | 15 (57.7) | 1.06 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 2 (40) | 8 (42.1) | 11 (42.3) | 0.03 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 4 (80) | 14 (73.7) | 19 (73.1) | 0.11 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 11.4 (3.1) | 20.6 (3.6) | 31.2 (4.5) | 3.47 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 35.3 (7.7) | 27.8 (5.2) | 19.1 (4.3) | 1.85 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | -0.5 (0.1) | -0.1 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 4.57 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 1424.4 (139.8) | 1608.8 (60) | 1687 (49.7) | 1.88 |
| heartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 68.5 (3.8) | 71.8 (6.8) | 76.4 (10.2) | 0.72 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 56.7 (3.4) | 59 (7.1) | 61.7 (8.3) | 0.51 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 91.6 (7.3) | 97.1 (9.8) | 102.2 (13) | 0.69 |
| heartRate_std_dt (mean (SD)) | 11.3 (2) | 12.4 (3.5) | 13.1 (3.7) | 0.39 |
| heartRateVariability_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 39.8 (11.8) | 38.6 (19.3) | 37.3 (17.5) | 0.1 |
| restingHeartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 57.2 (4.2) | 60.1 (6.2) | 62.9 (8.8) | 0.59 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 96.3 (17.5) | 95.4 (10.2) | 97.1 (12.8) | 0.09 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 97.3 (0.6) | 96.3 (1.4) | 96.2 (1) | 0.84 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_dt (mean (SD)) | 94.1 (1.4) | 93.1 (1.9) | 93.7 (1.3) | 0.44 |
| stepCount_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 148.3 (221) | 766 (448.7) | 2484.5 (1193) | 2.12 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 5.319573e+04 | 5.321485e+04 | 0.0195742 | 0.9994352 | 1 (2%) | 47 (94%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.0000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 5.316525e+04 | 5.319966e+04 | 2.4569409 | 0.9645538 | 12 (24%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (4%) | 33 (66%) | NA |
| 2 | 5.324985e+04 | 5.329192e+04 | 0.0220474 | 0.9997260 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 48 (96%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| 4 | 5.319627e+04 | 5.322303e+04 | 0.0213208 | 0.9993848 | 1 (2%) | 47 (94%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 5.324408e+04 | 5.328232e+04 | 0.0068420 | 0.9998754 | 0 (0%) | 48 (96%) | 0 (0%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.0000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | NA |
| 4 | 5.323555e+04 | 5.329674e+04 | 0.1006799 | 0.9987489 | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 47 (94%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| 6 | 5.317670e+04 | 5.321111e+04 | 0.0021074 | 0.9999392 | 1 (2%) | 47 (94%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 5.317219e+04 | 5.322190e+04 | 4.4330425 | 0.9192974 | 1 (2%) | 16 (32%) | 31 (62%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.0000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | NA |
| 6 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.0000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| 8 | 5.318223e+04 | 5.322429e+04 | 0.0568774 | 0.9983589 | 2 (4%) | 46 (92%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 5.315714e+04 | 5.321833e+04 | 0.5590216 | 0.9898231 | 2 (4%) | 3 (6%) | 43 (86%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 5.322223e+04 | 5.330253e+04 | 0.0569536 | 0.9991783 | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 46 (92%) | 0 (0%) | NA |
| 8 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.0000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1 | 47 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 34 (NA) | 43.1 (13.1) | |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 4.6 (NA) | 16.6 (9.6) | |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 20.1 (NA) | 28.3 (6.6) | |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 1 (100) | 20 (42.6) | 1.64 |
| race (%) | 0.74 | ||
| Asian | 0 (0) | 4 (8.5) | |
| Black or African American | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | |
| White | 1 (100) | 37 (78.7) | |
| More than one race | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 0 (0) | 6 (12.8) | 0.54 |
| bmi_group (%) | 1.97 | ||
| Underweight | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | |
| Normal | 1 (100) | 16 (34) | |
| Overweight | 0 (0) | 11 (23.4) | |
| Obese | 0 (0) | 18 (38.3) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 1 (100) | 44 (93.6) | 0.37 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 1 (100) | 23 (48.9) | 1.45 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 1 (100) | 39 (83) | 0.64 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 1 (100) | 25 (53.2) | 1.33 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 1 (100) | 25 (53.2) | 1.33 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 1 (100) | 19 (40.4) | 1.72 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 0 (0) | 35 (74.5) | 2.42 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 9.9 (NA) | 26.2 (7) | |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 25.2 (NA) | 23.4 (7) | |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | -0.4 (NA) | 0.1 (0.2) | |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 1243.7 (NA) | 1649.4 (68.6) | |
| heartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 64.8 (NA) | 74.1 (9) | |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 55 (NA) | 60.3 (7.8) | |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 85.7 (NA) | 99.6 (11.9) | |
| heartRate_std_dt (mean (SD)) | 9.7 (NA) | 12.7 (3.6) | |
| heartRateVariability_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 55.9 (NA) | 37.9 (17.7) | |
| restingHeartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 54.8 (NA) | 61.4 (7.8) | |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 77.7 (NA) | 96.1 (11.8) | |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 96.9 (NA) | 96.3 (1.1) | |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_dt (mean (SD)) | 93.3 (NA) | 93.4 (1.6) | |
| stepCount_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 534.8 (NA) | 1687.5 (1294) |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 6.197886e+04 | 6.199798e+04 | 4.077341 | 0.8823528 | 31 (62%) | 13 (26%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 6.195170e+04 | 6.197847e+04 | 2.447676 | 0.9554406 | 25 (50%) | 14 (28%) | 5 (10%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 6.195441e+04 | 6.198883e+04 | 9.190968 | 0.8674024 | 21 (42%) | 6 (12%) | 12 (24%) | 5 (10%) | NA |
| 2 | 6.193175e+04 | 6.197381e+04 | 5.976847 | 0.9257275 | 21 (42%) | 7 (14%) | 2 (4%) | 9 (18%) | 5 (10%) |
| 4 | 6.198017e+04 | 6.200693e+04 | 3.554579 | 0.8974365 | 31 (62%) | 13 (26%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 6.195714e+04 | 6.200685e+04 | 5.908291 | 0.9147614 | 22 (44%) | 9 (18%) | 8 (16%) | 4 (8%) | NA |
| 4 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| 6 | 6.197568e+04 | 6.201009e+04 | 3.983770 | 0.8850527 | 31 (62%) | 13 (26%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 6.196032e+04 | 6.201004e+04 | 1.641569 | 0.9701156 | 25 (50%) | 14 (28%) | 5 (10%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 6.195043e+04 | 6.201544e+04 | 4.667842 | 0.9326573 | 24 (48%) | 4 (8%) | 10 (20%) | 5 (10%) | NA |
| 6 | 6.196643e+04 | 6.204673e+04 | 4.658686 | 0.9421079 | 0 (0%) | 24 (48%) | 4 (8%) | 10 (20%) | 5 (10%) |
| 8 | 6.197265e+04 | 6.201472e+04 | 4.549177 | 0.8687385 | 31 (62%) | 13 (26%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 6.195003e+04 | 6.201121e+04 | 1.604478 | 0.9707908 | 25 (50%) | 14 (28%) | 5 (10%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | NA |
| 8 | 2.000000e+09 | 2.000000e+09 | 0.000000 | 1.0000000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 25 | 14 | 5 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 42.6 (10.2) | 44.6 (15.4) | 43.2 (14) | 0.1 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 11.1 (6.5) | 23.3 (7.7) | 20.6 (11.6) | 1 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 26.5 (5.3) | 31.1 (7.1) | 25.9 (6.3) | 0.54 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 12 (48) | 6 (42.9) | 1 (20) | 0.41 |
| race (%) | 0.75 | |||
| Asian | 3 (12) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Black or African American | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | |
| White | 19 (76) | 11 (78.6) | 4 (80) | |
| More than one race | 1 (4) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 1 (4) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 2 (8) | 4 (28.6) | 0 (0) | 0.62 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.84 | |||
| Underweight | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | |
| Normal | 11 (44) | 3 (21.4) | 1 (20) | |
| Overweight | 6 (24) | 3 (21.4) | 2 (40) | |
| Obese | 7 (28) | 8 (57.1) | 1 (20) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 24 (96) | 12 (85.7) | 5 (100) | 0.41 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 11 (44) | 8 (57.1) | 3 (60) | 0.22 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 21 (84) | 12 (85.7) | 3 (60) | 0.4 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 15 (60) | 8 (57.1) | 4 (80) | 0.34 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 14 (56) | 8 (57.1) | 4 (80) | 0.35 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 6 (24) | 8 (57.1) | 4 (80) | 0.86 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 17 (68) | 10 (71.4) | 4 (80) | 0.18 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 18.6 (5.4) | 29.1 (8.2) | 44.4 (14.7) | 1.71 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 81.4 (5.4) | 70.9 (8.2) | 55.6 (14.7) | 1.71 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | -0.6 (0.1) | -0.4 (0.2) | -0.1 (0.3) | 1.71 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 288.7 (98.7) | 678 (105.5) | 1150.9 (154.5) | 4.68 |
| heartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 62 (8.9) | 66.2 (11) | 69.2 (6.3) | 0.56 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 57.3 (8.5) | 60 (9) | 62 (6.5) | 0.39 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 68.7 (9.2) | 76.5 (13.8) | 83.2 (4.2) | 1.11 |
| heartRate_std_n (mean (SD)) | 3.9 (0.7) | 5.6 (2) | 7.2 (1.7) | 1.56 |
| heartRateVariability_median_n (mean (SD)) | 43.5 (22.7) | 43.4 (20.3) | 38.6 (15.2) | 0.17 |
| restingHeartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 62.2 (10.8) | 64 (9.6) | 63.7 (8.1) | 0.12 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_n (mean (SD)) | 86 (11.2) | 94.2 (17.2) | 95.8 (9.9) | 0.53 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_n (mean (SD)) | 96.1 (0.9) | 95.7 (1) | 95.3 (0.3) | 0.71 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_n (mean (SD)) | 93.8 (1.2) | 93.3 (1.5) | 93.1 (0.2) | 0.44 |
| stepCount_median_n (mean (SD)) | 0 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.67 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 25490.06 | 25508.98 | 7.4973387 | 0.7792577 | 40 (81.63%) | 9 (18.37%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 25488.88 | 25515.36 | 12.5228441 | 0.7673718 | 18 (36.73%) | 25 (51.02%) | 6 (12.24%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 25478.43 | 25512.49 | 5.9516995 | 0.9123828 | 22 (44.9%) | 9 (18.37%) | 13 (26.53%) | 5 (10.2%) | NA |
| 2 | 25468.39 | 25510.01 | 6.8560333 | 0.9130634 | 13 (26.53%) | 17 (34.69%) | 7 (14.29%) | 9 (18.37%) | 3 (6.12%) |
| 4 | 25488.90 | 25515.39 | 2.4692886 | 0.9272973 | 46 (93.88%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 25500.90 | 25538.74 | 2.4694876 | 0.9541260 | 0 (0%) | 46 (93.88%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 25497.81 | 25547.00 | 8.5819025 | 0.8736626 | 41 (83.67%) | 4 (8.16%) | 2 (4.08%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA |
| 4 | 25501.46 | 25562.00 | 12.3670995 | 0.8431814 | 1 (2.04%) | 2 (4.08%) | 28 (57.14%) | 16 (32.65%) | 2 (4.08%) |
| 6 | 25478.78 | 25512.83 | 0.2682189 | 0.9921029 | 47 (95.92%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 25487.54 | 25536.73 | 6.0278113 | 0.8880255 | 42 (85.71%) | 4 (8.16%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 25476.28 | 25540.60 | 15.9290140 | 0.7655030 | 29 (59.18%) | 1 (2.04%) | 17 (34.69%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA |
| 6 | 25493.08 | 25572.54 | 13.9475877 | 0.8231403 | 1 (2.04%) | 19 (38.78%) | 1 (2.04%) | 25 (51.02%) | 3 (6.12%) |
| 8 | 25483.10 | 25524.72 | 13.5975638 | 0.5996502 | 29 (59.18%) | 20 (40.82%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 25466.54 | 25527.08 | 11.2052084 | 0.7918486 | 7 (14.29%) | 22 (44.9%) | 20 (40.82%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 25460.81 | 25540.26 | 11.1080618 | 0.8364740 | 5 (10.2%) | 21 (42.86%) | 19 (38.78%) | 4 (8.16%) | NA |
| 8 | 25464.87 | 25563.24 | 10.1294493 | 0.8715555 | 2 (4.08%) | 7 (14.29%) | 19 (38.78%) | 18 (36.73%) | 3 (6.12%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 40 | 9 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 44 (13.7) | 37 (9.8) | 0.58 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 16.1 (9.9) | 18.3 (9.6) | 0.22 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 28.2 (6.6) | 28 (6.9) | 0.03 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 19 (47.5) | 2 (22.2) | 0.55 |
| race (%) | 0.63 | ||
| Asian | 3 (7.5) | 1 (11.1) | |
| Black or African American | 1 (2.5) | 1 (11.1) | |
| White | 33 (82.5) | 6 (66.7) | |
| More than one race | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 1 (2.5) | 1 (11.1) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (33.3) | 0.68 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.5 | ||
| Underweight | 1 (2.5) | 1 (11.1) | |
| Normal | 15 (37.5) | 2 (22.2) | |
| Overweight | 9 (22.5) | 3 (33.3) | |
| Obese | 15 (37.5) | 3 (33.3) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 39 (97.5) | 7 (77.8) | 0.63 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 23 (57.5) | 3 (33.3) | 0.5 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 33 (82.5) | 7 (77.8) | 0.12 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 23 (57.5) | 4 (44.4) | 0.26 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 23 (57.5) | 5 (55.6) | 0.04 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 18 (45) | 3 (33.3) | 0.24 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 31 (77.5) | 6 (66.7) | 0.24 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 24.1 (7.6) | 29.1 (8.7) | 0.62 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 25.3 (7.3) | 18.5 (5.8) | 1.03 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | 0 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.87 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 1622.4 (104.9) | 1660 (88.3) | 0.39 |
| heartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 70.8 (6.5) | 86.8 (5.5) | 2.66 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 58.1 (6.5) | 69.3 (4.9) | 1.95 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 95.8 (8.8) | 113.9 (12.2) | 1.7 |
| heartRate_std_dt (mean (SD)) | 12.2 (3.2) | 14.4 (4.5) | 0.56 |
| heartRateVariability_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 38.4 (17.8) | 36.5 (16.7) | 0.11 |
| restingHeartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 59.1 (6.4) | 70.5 (5.5) | 1.9 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 93.5 (11) | 109 (8.4) | 1.59 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 96.3 (1.2) | 96.3 (1) | 0 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_dt (mean (SD)) | 93.4 (1.6) | 93.8 (1.6) | 0.27 |
| stepCount_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 1484.9 (1314.1) | 1915.2 (1223.5) | 0.34 |
| beta_blockers = Yes (%) | 8 (20) | 2 (22.2) | 0.05 |
| calcium_channel_blockers = Yes (%) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.32 |
| adderall = Yes (%) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0.23 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 25478.78 | 25512.83 | 0.2682189 | 0.9921029 | 47 (95.92%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 25487.54 | 25536.73 | 6.0278113 | 0.8880255 | 42 (85.71%) | 4 (8.16%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 25476.28 | 25540.60 | 15.9290140 | 0.7655030 | 29 (59.18%) | 1 (2.04%) | 17 (34.69%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA |
| 2 | 25493.08 | 25572.54 | 13.9475877 | 0.8231403 | 1 (2.04%) | 19 (38.78%) | 1 (2.04%) | 25 (51.02%) | 3 (6.12%) |
| 4 | 25483.10 | 25524.72 | 13.5975638 | 0.5996502 | 29 (59.18%) | 20 (40.82%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 25466.54 | 25527.08 | 11.2052084 | 0.7918486 | 7 (14.29%) | 22 (44.9%) | 20 (40.82%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 25460.81 | 25540.26 | 11.1080618 | 0.8364740 | 5 (10.2%) | 21 (42.86%) | 19 (38.78%) | 4 (8.16%) | NA |
| 4 | 25464.87 | 25563.24 | 10.1294493 | 0.8715555 | 2 (4.08%) | 7 (14.29%) | 19 (38.78%) | 18 (36.73%) | 3 (6.12%) |
| 6 | 24953.47 | 24972.38 | 9.9704582 | 0.7064422 | 30 (61.22%) | 19 (38.78%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 24940.98 | 24967.47 | 6.1080444 | 0.8865351 | 26 (53.06%) | 22 (44.9%) | 1 (2.04%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 24932.53 | 24966.58 | 7.4645671 | 0.8901113 | 6 (12.24%) | 20 (40.82%) | 18 (36.73%) | 5 (10.2%) | NA |
| 6 | 24914.91 | 24956.53 | 7.5165736 | 0.9046876 | 6 (12.24%) | 20 (40.82%) | 14 (28.57%) | 8 (16.33%) | 1 (2.04%) |
| 8 | 24958.49 | 24984.97 | 10.1531882 | 0.7010622 | 30 (61.22%) | 19 (38.78%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 24944.45 | 24982.29 | 5.8572587 | 0.8911937 | 26 (53.06%) | 22 (44.9%) | 1 (2.04%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 24940.65 | 24989.84 | 4.8931543 | 0.9279660 | 2 (4.08%) | 24 (48.98%) | 20 (40.82%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA |
| 8 | 24924.60 | 24985.14 | 6.5952583 | 0.9163701 | 6 (12.24%) | 20 (40.82%) | 13 (26.53%) | 9 (18.37%) | 1 (2.04%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 6 | 20 | 18 | 5 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 51.7 (16.9) | 43.3 (13.7) | 40.2 (11.1) | 38.4 (13.3) | 0.5 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 20.2 (13.8) | 14.3 (9) | 17.8 (9.2) | 16.6 (10.8) | 0.29 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 27.7 (5.8) | 27.3 (5.1) | 29.6 (7.8) | 27.1 (9.3) | 0.18 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 6 (100) | 11 (55) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (20) | 1.5 |
| race (%) | 0.8 | ||||
| Asian | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (20) | |
| Black or African American | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0) | |
| White | 4 (66.7) | 18 (90) | 13 (72.2) | 4 (80) | |
| More than one race | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (20) | 0.4 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.61 | ||||
| Underweight | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (20) | |
| Normal | 2 (33.3) | 9 (45) | 4 (22.2) | 2 (40) | |
| Overweight | 2 (33.3) | 4 (20) | 5 (27.8) | 1 (20) | |
| Obese | 2 (33.3) | 7 (35) | 8 (44.4) | 1 (20) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 5 (83.3) | 20 (100) | 17 (94.4) | 4 (80) | 0.43 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 2 (33.3) | 12 (60) | 10 (55.6) | 2 (40) | 0.33 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 5 (83.3) | 18 (90) | 13 (72.2) | 4 (80) | 0.25 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 2 (33.3) | 13 (65) | 9 (50) | 3 (60) | 0.36 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 2 (33.3) | 12 (60) | 9 (50) | 5 (100) | 0.94 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 2 (33.3) | 8 (40) | 8 (44.4) | 3 (60) | 0.29 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 5 (83.3) | 14 (70) | 14 (77.8) | 4 (80) | 0.17 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 28.9 (8.6) | 19.2 (6.5) | 30.9 (13.3) | 24.3 (10.8) | 0.69 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 71.2 (8.6) | 80.8 (6.5) | 69.1 (13.3) | 75.7 (10.8) | 0.69 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | -0.4 (0.2) | -0.6 (0.1) | -0.4 (0.3) | -0.5 (0.2) | 0.69 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 462 (192.2) | 420.2 (275.5) | 672 (357.4) | 625.8 (302.4) | 0.53 |
| heartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 50 (4.2) | 59.7 (2.7) | 69.6 (3.5) | 81.8 (5) | 4.36 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 46.3 (4.1) | 54.7 (2.5) | 63.3 (3.8) | 72.7 (5.7) | 3.46 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 55.8 (5.1) | 67.8 (4.9) | 79.9 (4.3) | 92.8 (7.7) | 3.64 |
| heartRate_std_n (mean (SD)) | 3.4 (0.6) | 4.5 (1.6) | 5.7 (1.8) | 6.7 (2.2) | 1.18 |
| heartRateVariability_median_n (mean (SD)) | 58.9 (37) | 45 (17.8) | 38.3 (10.8) | 32 (16.2) | 0.64 |
| restingHeartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 46.7 (5.9) | 60.5 (5.7) | 65.6 (4.6) | 75.7 (5.1) | 2.84 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_n (mean (SD)) | 71.9 (9.4) | 86.3 (10.8) | 98.3 (9.2) | 106.7 (13.3) | 1.82 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_n (mean (SD)) | 95.8 (0.5) | 96.1 (1) | 95.9 (1.2) | 95.9 (0.7) | 0.17 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_n (mean (SD)) | 93.8 (0.8) | 93.8 (1.2) | 93.4 (1.6) | 93.6 (0.6) | 0.21 |
| stepCount_median_n (mean (SD)) | 0 (0) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.63 |
| beta_blockers = Yes (%) | 1 (16.7) | 4 (20) | 3 (16.7) | 2 (40) | 0.28 |
| calcium_channel_blockers = Yes (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0.23 |
| adderall = Yes (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0.17 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 22384.70 | 22403.62 | 9.2445033 | 0.7278163 | 34 (69.39%) | 15 (30.61%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 22372.16 | 22398.64 | 7.7045641 | 0.8568776 | 18 (36.73%) | 21 (42.86%) | 10 (20.41%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 22343.29 | 22377.35 | 4.2039498 | 0.9381121 | 5 (10.2%) | 18 (36.73%) | 16 (32.65%) | 10 (20.41%) | NA |
| 2 | 22346.54 | 22388.16 | 8.3964309 | 0.8935307 | 5 (10.2%) | 15 (30.61%) | 13 (26.53%) | 6 (12.24%) | 10 (20.41%) |
| 4 | 22389.79 | 22416.28 | 9.2350087 | 0.7280959 | 34 (69.39%) | 15 (30.61%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 22381.46 | 22419.30 | 7.6694832 | 0.8575293 | 18 (36.73%) | 21 (42.86%) | 10 (20.41%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 22356.33 | 22405.52 | 4.1273974 | 0.9392390 | 18 (36.73%) | 16 (32.65%) | 5 (10.2%) | 10 (20.41%) | NA |
| 4 | 22362.80 | 22423.34 | 8.1983684 | 0.8960422 | 5 (10.2%) | 15 (30.61%) | 12 (24.49%) | 7 (14.29%) | 10 (20.41%) |
| 6 | 22391.00 | 22425.05 | 1.4456930 | 0.9574348 | 47 (95.92%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 22380.60 | 22429.78 | 7.5780572 | 0.8592277 | 16 (32.65%) | 23 (46.94%) | 10 (20.41%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 22361.79 | 22426.11 | 4.0957146 | 0.9397054 | 5 (10.2%) | 19 (38.78%) | 15 (30.61%) | 10 (20.41%) | NA |
| 6 | 22362.93 | 22442.38 | 6.5523836 | 0.9169138 | 2 (4.08%) | 16 (32.65%) | 14 (28.57%) | 7 (14.29%) | 10 (20.41%) |
| 8 | 22347.34 | 22388.96 | 0.6472501 | 0.9809432 | 43 (87.76%) | 6 (12.24%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 22347.32 | 22407.86 | 8.5363907 | 0.8414254 | 32 (65.31%) | 11 (22.45%) | 6 (12.24%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 22354.15 | 22433.61 | 13.8482837 | 0.7961342 | 24 (48.98%) | 11 (22.45%) | 8 (16.33%) | 6 (12.24%) | NA |
| 8 | 22370.41 | 22468.79 | 13.0557018 | 0.8344497 | 12 (24.49%) | 6 (12.24%) | 7 (14.29%) | 13 (26.53%) | 11 (22.45%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 5 | 18 | 16 | 10 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 57.2 (18.9) | 42.2 (11) | 38.5 (12.5) | 43 (12) | 0.63 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 18.4 (14.4) | 16.8 (9.8) | 18.1 (10.6) | 12.6 (5.3) | 0.34 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 29 (5.6) | 27.3 (5.2) | 28.7 (7.4) | 28.5 (8.5) | 0.14 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 5 (100) | 10 (55.6) | 5 (31.2) | 1 (10) | 1.63 |
| race (%) | 0.86 | ||||
| Asian | 1 (20) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (20) | |
| Black or African American | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | |
| White | 4 (80) | 15 (83.3) | 15 (93.8) | 5 (50) | |
| More than one race | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.2) | 1 (10) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (12.5) | 3 (30) | 0.53 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.62 | ||||
| Underweight | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.2) | 1 (10) | |
| Normal | 1 (20) | 9 (50) | 4 (25) | 3 (30) | |
| Overweight | 2 (40) | 2 (11.1) | 6 (37.5) | 2 (20) | |
| Obese | 2 (40) | 7 (38.9) | 5 (31.2) | 4 (40) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 4 (80) | 18 (100) | 16 (100) | 8 (80) | 0.47 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 3 (60) | 9 (50) | 9 (56.2) | 5 (50) | 0.12 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 4 (80) | 17 (94.4) | 11 (68.8) | 8 (80) | 0.35 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 1 (20) | 10 (55.6) | 11 (68.8) | 5 (50) | 0.56 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 2 (40) | 9 (50) | 11 (68.8) | 6 (60) | 0.33 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 3 (60) | 8 (44.4) | 5 (31.2) | 5 (50) | 0.32 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 4 (80) | 13 (72.2) | 13 (81.2) | 7 (70) | 0.16 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 23.2 (3.3) | 25.7 (7.5) | 23.8 (9.5) | 26.6 (8.1) | 0.28 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 24.4 (6.4) | 25.6 (6.8) | 24.1 (9.3) | 21 (5.9) | 0.34 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | 0 (0.2) | 0 (0.2) | 0 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.27 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 1650.1 (51.8) | 1631.6 (115.5) | 1620.8 (115.9) | 1628.4 (81.2) | 0.18 |
| heartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 61 (3.3) | 68.3 (3.4) | 76.8 (5) | 85.2 (6.2) | 2.94 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 47.7 (3.9) | 55.7 (1.9) | 61.8 (1.9) | 71.7 (2.5) | 4.89 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 90.1 (14.4) | 95.2 (8.9) | 101.6 (11.8) | 106.7 (10.3) | 0.81 |
| heartRate_std_dt (mean (SD)) | 13.7 (5.7) | 12.9 (2.8) | 12.8 (3.8) | 11.3 (2.9) | 0.32 |
| heartRateVariability_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 48 (37.1) | 41.6 (14.9) | 37.6 (14.3) | 27.3 (6.8) | 0.63 |
| restingHeartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 49.4 (4.9) | 56.7 (3.4) | 63.6 (2.8) | 71.5 (4.4) | 3.04 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 84.7 (14.9) | 91.6 (10.8) | 100.9 (9.8) | 103.5 (9.5) | 0.94 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 95.6 (1.5) | 96.3 (1) | 96.9 (1.2) | 95.8 (0.8) | 0.63 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_dt (mean (SD)) | 92.8 (2) | 93.5 (1.4) | 94 (1.7) | 93.1 (1.4) | 0.42 |
| stepCount_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 709.8 (277.4) | 1748.6 (1249.6) | 1416.4 (1461.9) | 1894.7 (1336.4) | 0.62 |
| beta_blockers = Yes (%) | 1 (20) | 4 (22.2) | 2 (12.5) | 3 (30) | 0.23 |
| calcium_channel_blockers = Yes (%) | 1 (20) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.42 |
| adderall = Yes (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.17 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 22983.00 | 23001.92 | 10.4711526 | 0.6917004 | 30 (61.22%) | 19 (38.78%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 22977.62 | 23004.10 | 9.2614371 | 0.8279567 | 13 (26.53%) | 24 (48.98%) | 12 (24.49%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 22967.94 | 23001.99 | 8.0261910 | 0.8818434 | 2 (4.08%) | 17 (34.69%) | 20 (40.82%) | 10 (20.41%) | NA |
| 2 | 22941.49 | 22983.11 | 5.0328034 | 0.9361825 | 2 (4.08%) | 20 (40.82%) | 15 (30.61%) | 10 (20.41%) | 2 (4.08%) |
| 4 | 22986.05 | 23012.53 | 9.5973062 | 0.7174289 | 30 (61.22%) | 19 (38.78%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 22985.44 | 23023.27 | 9.4428693 | 0.8245863 | 13 (26.53%) | 24 (48.98%) | 12 (24.49%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 22976.95 | 23026.14 | 5.6577647 | 0.9167099 | 2 (4.08%) | 26 (53.06%) | 17 (34.69%) | 4 (8.16%) | NA |
| 4 | 22954.46 | 23015.00 | 4.9528594 | 0.9371962 | 2 (4.08%) | 15 (30.61%) | 20 (40.82%) | 10 (20.41%) | 2 (4.08%) |
| 6 | 22975.50 | 23009.55 | 2.2930009 | 0.9324877 | 45 (91.84%) | 4 (8.16%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 22974.55 | 23023.74 | 9.1330827 | 0.8303410 | 23 (46.94%) | 21 (42.86%) | 5 (10.2%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 22975.66 | 23039.98 | 6.0561731 | 0.9108448 | 2 (4.08%) | 21 (42.86%) | 17 (34.69%) | 9 (18.37%) | NA |
| 6 | 22957.69 | 23037.15 | 5.8436007 | 0.9259014 | 2 (4.08%) | 19 (38.78%) | 16 (32.65%) | 8 (16.33%) | 4 (8.16%) |
| 8 | 22933.08 | 22974.70 | 0.9838782 | 0.9710319 | 43 (87.76%) | 6 (12.24%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 22932.23 | 22992.76 | 8.8526437 | 0.8355505 | 10 (20.41%) | 32 (65.31%) | 7 (14.29%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 22933.86 | 23013.32 | 9.2389756 | 0.8639895 | 25 (51.02%) | 12 (24.49%) | 7 (14.29%) | 5 (10.2%) | NA |
| 8 | 22944.42 | 23042.79 | 10.7078735 | 0.8642209 | 22 (44.9%) | 7 (14.29%) | 10 (20.41%) | 3 (6.12%) | 7 (14.29%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 43 | 6 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 43.2 (13.6) | 39.2 (11.5) | 0.32 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 16.6 (9.7) | 16.1 (11) | 0.05 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 28.3 (6.3) | 27.1 (8.9) | 0.15 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 20 (46.5) | 1 (16.7) | 0.68 |
| race (%) | 0.77 | ||
| Asian | 3 (7) | 1 (16.7) | |
| Black or African American | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0) | |
| White | 35 (81.4) | 4 (66.7) | |
| More than one race | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 1 (2.3) | 1 (16.7) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 4 (9.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.61 |
| bmi_group (%) | 1.04 | ||
| Underweight | 1 (2.3) | 1 (16.7) | |
| Normal | 14 (32.6) | 3 (50) | |
| Overweight | 12 (27.9) | 0 (0) | |
| Obese | 16 (37.2) | 2 (33.3) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 42 (97.7) | 4 (66.7) | 0.89 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 25 (58.1) | 1 (16.7) | 0.95 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 35 (81.4) | 5 (83.3) | 0.05 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 25 (58.1) | 2 (33.3) | 0.51 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 23 (53.5) | 5 (83.3) | 0.68 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 18 (41.9) | 3 (50) | 0.16 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 32 (74.4) | 5 (83.3) | 0.22 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 25.4 (11.4) | 23.4 (10.2) | 0.19 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 74.6 (11.4) | 76.7 (10.2) | 0.19 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | -0.5 (0.2) | -0.5 (0.2) | 0.19 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 544.6 (324.5) | 497.2 (283.4) | 0.16 |
| heartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 62.4 (7.8) | 78.6 (7.7) | 2.08 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 57 (7) | 70.1 (6.5) | 1.92 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 71.1 (9.6) | 89.4 (11.1) | 1.77 |
| heartRate_std_n (mean (SD)) | 4.8 (1.7) | 6.4 (2.5) | 0.71 |
| heartRateVariability_median_n (mean (SD)) | 43.9 (20.3) | 36.1 (13.2) | 0.46 |
| restingHeartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 60.9 (8.6) | 73.5 (6.5) | 1.65 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_n (mean (SD)) | 89 (13.4) | 107.9 (12.3) | 1.47 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_n (mean (SD)) | 96 (0.9) | 95.5 (1.2) | 0.48 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_n (mean (SD)) | 93.7 (1.2) | 93 (1.3) | 0.54 |
| stepCount_median_n (mean (SD)) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.6 |
| beta_blockers = Yes (%) | 9 (20.9) | 1 (16.7) | 0.11 |
| calcium_channel_blockers = Yes (%) | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0) | 0.31 |
| adderall = Yes (%) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.22 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 31809.60 | 31828.52 | 2.5554685 | 0.9247600 | 46 (93.88%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 31813.21 | 31839.70 | 12.1013393 | 0.7752018 | 12 (24.49%) | 35 (71.43%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 31805.85 | 31839.90 | 5.6824494 | 0.9163465 | 7 (14.29%) | 12 (24.49%) | 28 (57.14%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA |
| 2 | 31800.93 | 31842.55 | 7.2973067 | 0.9074679 | 7 (14.29%) | 5 (10.2%) | 19 (38.78%) | 16 (32.65%) | 2 (4.08%) |
| 4 | 31793.65 | 31820.14 | 0.3127915 | 0.9907906 | 46 (93.88%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 31776.86 | 31814.70 | 0.2849164 | 0.9947073 | 45 (91.84%) | 1 (2.04%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 31801.55 | 31850.73 | 9.2483993 | 0.8638508 | 6 (12.24%) | 34 (69.39%) | 6 (12.24%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA |
| 4 | 31807.98 | 31868.52 | 14.3990970 | 0.8174151 | 25 (51.02%) | 6 (12.24%) | 10 (20.41%) | 5 (10.2%) | 3 (6.12%) |
| 6 | 31785.21 | 31819.26 | 0.3243472 | 0.9904503 | 46 (93.88%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 31794.51 | 31843.70 | 2.0007917 | 0.9628327 | 2 (4.08%) | 44 (89.8%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 31773.90 | 31838.22 | 0.7244019 | 0.9893358 | 1 (2.04%) | 44 (89.8%) | 1 (2.04%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA |
| 6 | 31785.85 | 31865.30 | 8.9019555 | 0.8871205 | 1 (2.04%) | 6 (12.24%) | 37 (75.51%) | 3 (6.12%) | 2 (4.08%) |
| 8 | 31794.70 | 31836.32 | 3.1820129 | 0.9063128 | 42 (85.71%) | 7 (14.29%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 31769.52 | 31830.06 | 1.9755350 | 0.9633018 | 42 (85.71%) | 5 (10.2%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 31825.24 | 31904.69 | 4.4684866 | 0.9342177 | 2 (4.08%) | 39 (79.59%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (16.33%) | NA |
| 8 | 31737.33 | 31835.70 | 6.4331538 | 0.9184256 | 36 (73.47%) | 4 (8.16%) | 1 (2.04%) | 5 (10.2%) | 3 (6.12%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 46 | 3 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 43.5 (13.3) | 30.7 (4) | 1.3 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 16 (9.6) | 24.5 (10.2) | 0.86 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 27.9 (6.4) | 31.7 (9.7) | 0.46 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 20 (43.5) | 1 (33.3) | 0.21 |
| race (%) | 0.74 | ||
| Asian | 4 (8.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Black or African American | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | |
| White | 36 (78.3) | 3 (100) | |
| More than one race | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 5 (10.9) | 1 (33.3) | 0.56 |
| bmi_group (%) | 0.36 | ||
| Underweight | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Normal | 16 (34.8) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Overweight | 11 (23.9) | 1 (33.3) | |
| Obese | 17 (37) | 1 (33.3) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 43 (93.5) | 3 (100) | 0.37 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 24 (52.2) | 2 (66.7) | 0.3 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 38 (82.6) | 2 (66.7) | 0.37 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 26 (56.5) | 1 (33.3) | 0.48 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 25 (54.3) | 3 (100) | 1.3 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 20 (43.5) | 1 (33.3) | 0.21 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 36 (78.3) | 1 (33.3) | 1.01 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 24.7 (8) | 29.8 (5.2) | 0.74 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 24.4 (7.6) | 18 (1.2) | 1.19 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | 0 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.1) | 1.14 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 1624.7 (101.9) | 1700.2 (96.4) | 0.76 |
| heartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 72.7 (8) | 89.7 (5.6) | 2.45 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 59.7 (7.4) | 67 (7.8) | 0.96 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 97.2 (9.1) | 128.1 (10.2) | 3.2 |
| heartRate_std_dt (mean (SD)) | 12.1 (3) | 19.6 (3.7) | 2.22 |
| heartRateVariability_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 37.1 (17.1) | 53.1 (20.1) | 0.86 |
| restingHeartRate_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 60.6 (7.2) | 70.4 (9.3) | 1.17 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 94.9 (11) | 118.3 (6.3) | 2.62 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 96.3 (1.2) | 96.6 (0.5) | 0.28 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_dt (mean (SD)) | 93.5 (1.6) | 93.9 (1.2) | 0.32 |
| stepCount_median_dt (mean (SD)) | 1537.7 (1315.2) | 1966.4 (1079.7) | 0.36 |
| beta_blockers = Yes (%) | 10 (21.7) | 0 (0) | 0.74 |
| calcium_channel_blockers = Yes (%) | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0.3 |
| adderall = Yes (%) | 1 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 0.21 |
| Number of knots | AIC | BIC | Entropy | Relative entropy | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 29573.83 | 29592.74 | 8.7422570 | 0.7426039 | 26 (53.06%) | 23 (46.94%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | 29546.43 | 29572.92 | 5.2933513 | 0.9016691 | 24 (48.98%) | 23 (46.94%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 29540.01 | 29574.06 | 4.6607232 | 0.9313877 | 2 (4.08%) | 24 (48.98%) | 21 (42.86%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA |
| 2 | 29537.77 | 29579.39 | 9.7198601 | 0.8767492 | 2 (4.08%) | 17 (34.69%) | 9 (18.37%) | 19 (38.78%) | 2 (4.08%) |
| 4 | 29557.41 | 29583.89 | 0.9544556 | 0.9718982 | 46 (93.88%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | 29544.94 | 29582.78 | 4.9862408 | 0.9073740 | 25 (51.02%) | 22 (44.9%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA | NA |
| 4 | 29540.03 | 29589.22 | 3.9562654 | 0.9417583 | 2 (4.08%) | 24 (48.98%) | 21 (42.86%) | 2 (4.08%) | NA |
| 4 | 29542.29 | 29602.82 | 8.9400711 | 0.8866372 | 2 (4.08%) | 17 (34.69%) | 7 (14.29%) | 21 (42.86%) | 2 (4.08%) |
| 6 | 29557.13 | 29591.19 | 0.6902523 | 0.9796771 | 46 (93.88%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | 29549.26 | 29598.44 | 5.4009762 | 0.8996698 | 24 (48.98%) | 22 (44.9%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA |
| 6 | 29551.20 | 29615.52 | 4.4996126 | 0.9337595 | 2 (4.08%) | 24 (48.98%) | 20 (40.82%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA |
| 6 | 29545.02 | 29624.48 | 8.8866805 | 0.8873142 | 2 (4.08%) | 24 (48.98%) | 14 (28.57%) | 6 (12.24%) | 3 (6.12%) |
| 8 | 29545.65 | 29587.27 | 0.0522288 | 0.9984622 | 46 (93.88%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | 29500.26 | 29560.79 | 0.5551663 | 0.9896871 | 44 (89.8%) | 2 (4.08%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA | NA |
| 8 | 29559.02 | 29638.48 | 4.6395553 | 0.9316994 | 2 (4.08%) | 24 (48.98%) | 20 (40.82%) | 3 (6.12%) | NA |
| 8 | 29528.91 | 29627.28 | 7.1662640 | 0.9091296 | 2 (4.08%) | 24 (48.98%) | 16 (32.65%) | 5 (10.2%) | 2 (4.08%) |
Mean predicted and empirical trajectories of classes for models with lowest BIC:
The simplest model (considering the number of classes and knots) was chosen as the final model from the three models with the lowest BIC.
Heatmap of the best model fit:
Baseline characteristics by class of best model fit:
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 24 | 23 | 2 | |
| participant_age (mean (SD)) | 47 (13.9) | 39.3 (11.5) | 29 (2.8) | 1.21 |
| duration_symptoms_months (mean (SD)) | 13.9 (9.6) | 19.5 (9.8) | 14.5 (1) | 0.46 |
| bmi (mean (SD)) | 27.5 (5.3) | 29.2 (7.9) | 24.5 (0.5) | 0.63 |
| participant_sex = Male (%) | 15 (62.5) | 5 (21.7) | 1 (50) | 0.59 |
| race (%) | 0.64 | |||
| Asian | 2 (8.3) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Black or African American | 0 (0) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | |
| White | 20 (83.3) | 17 (73.9) | 2 (100) | |
| More than one race | 1 (4.2) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 1 (4.2) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | |
| ethnic = 1 (%) | 2 (8.3) | 3 (13) | 1 (50) | 0.68 |
| bmi_group (%) | 1.65 | |||
| Underweight | 0 (0) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Normal | 10 (41.7) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (100) | |
| Overweight | 5 (20.8) | 7 (30.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Obese | 9 (37.5) | 9 (39.1) | 0 (0) | |
| fatigue = 1 (%) | 23 (95.8) | 22 (95.7) | 1 (50) | 0.8 |
| sob = 1 (%) | 12 (50) | 14 (60.9) | 0 (0) | 1.13 |
| brainfog = 1 (%) | 21 (87.5) | 18 (78.3) | 1 (50) | 0.58 |
| bodyaches = 1 (%) | 13 (54.2) | 13 (56.5) | 1 (50) | 0.09 |
| heart = 1 (%) | 13 (54.2) | 13 (56.5) | 2 (100) | 0.86 |
| stomach = 1 (%) | 9 (37.5) | 10 (43.5) | 2 (100) | 1.19 |
| rand_assignment = Treatment (%) | 18 (75) | 18 (78.3) | 1 (50) | 0.41 |
| high_phys (mean (SD)) | 20.2 (7.5) | 29.6 (12.7) | 34.3 (6.6) | 1.12 |
| low_phys (mean (SD)) | 79.8 (7.5) | 70.4 (12.7) | 65.7 (6.6) | 1.12 |
| rel_phys (mean (SD)) | -0.6 (0.1) | -0.4 (0.2) | -0.3 (0.1) | 1.12 |
| mean_peak_phys (mean (SD)) | 371.9 (201.4) | 697.3 (343.2) | 720.4 (2) | 1.23 |
| heartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 57.4 (5.5) | 69.9 (5.7) | 85.2 (7.2) | 2.98 |
| heart_rate_pct5 (mean (SD)) | 52.9 (5.2) | 63.2 (5.9) | 75.1 (6.2) | 2.58 |
| heart_rate_pct95 (mean (SD)) | 63.9 (6.1) | 81 (4.8) | 98.9 (10.3) | 3.14 |
| heartRate_std_n (mean (SD)) | 3.8 (0.7) | 6.1 (1.8) | 7.9 (1.2) | 2.33 |
| heartRateVariability_median_n (mean (SD)) | 44.7 (20.8) | 41.9 (19.2) | 33.1 (9.6) | 0.48 |
| restingHeartRate_median_n (mean (SD)) | 54.9 (8.6) | 66.6 (5.7) | 77.6 (8.6) | 1.91 |
| walkingHeartRateAverage_median_n (mean (SD)) | 79.2 (9.9) | 98.7 (8.9) | 116.9 (12.6) | 2.35 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_median_n (mean (SD)) | 96 (0.9) | 95.9 (1.1) | 96.1 (0.3) | 0.18 |
| bloodOxygenSaturation_percentile_5_n (mean (SD)) | 93.8 (1.1) | 93.5 (1.4) | 94.2 (0.3) | 0.45 |
| stepCount_median_n (mean (SD)) | 0 (0) | 0.2 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.5) | 2.17 |
| beta_blockers = Yes (%) | 5 (20.8) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (50) | 0.49 |
| calcium_channel_blockers = Yes (%) | 1 (4.2) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0.2 |
| adderall = Yes (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0.2 |